Družbene posledice nestabilnosti na trgu dela

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Authors

Eszter Sándor

Gillian Bell

Abstract

V tem poročilu so proučene družbene skupine, katerih povezanost s trgom dela je lahko nestabilna in za katere je najbolj verjetno, da bodo imele nestandardne delovne ureditve, ter posledice tovrstnih ureditev in negotovosti zaposlitve za dobro počutje delavcev, socialno izključenost, zaupanje, dojemanje pravičnosti in politično udejstvovanje. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da imajo pogodbe o zaposlitvi za določen čas, neformalno delo in negotova delovna mesta negativne posledice, ko gre za socialno izključenost in zaupanje, negotovost zaposlitve pa še dodatno vpliva na slabše počutje. Predstavljeni so tudi nedavni primeri politik, ki se ukvarjajo s problematiko nestabilnosti na trgu dela in se osredotočajo na dolgoročnejše ukrepe v obdobju po pandemiji.

Societal implications of labour market instability PDF

English (735.89 KB - PDF)

Key findings

• Čeprav so v zadnjem desetletju kratkoročne pogodbe za določen čas med zaposlenimi manj pogoste, so v nekaterih državah članicah še vedno razmeroma razširjene, predvsem pri mladih in tujcih z nizko stopnjo izobrazbe, ki ne morejo najti stalne zaposlitve, zlasti v šolstvu in zdravstvu. Delavci s pogodbami za zaposlitev za določen čas imajo pogosto dolg delavnik, se počutijo podzaposlene in najverjetneje iščejo druga delovna mesta.

• Osebe brez stalnih pogodb o zaposlitvi in negotovo zaposlitvijo manj zaupajo drugim ljudem in imajo slabše dojemanje pravičnosti. Delavci, ki nimajo stalne zaposlitve, in tisti brez formalne pogodbe o zaposlitvi so manj zadovoljni z delovanjem demokracije v svoji državi, prav tako so manj zadovoljni tisti, ki se srečujejo z negotovostjo zaposlitve.

• Tako obstaja manjša verjetnost, da bosta ti dve skupini odšli na volitve, četudi so iz analize izključeni državljani, ki nimajo volilne pravice (ki pa jih je v teh kategorijah nadpovprečno veliko). Prav tako je manj verjetno, da se bodo udeležili demonstracij, kar je znak njihovega distanciranja od političnega dogajanja.

• Glavni razlog za delo s krajšim delovnim časom so obveznosti oskrbe, pri čemer je skoraj trikrat bolj verjetno, da bodo za krajši delovni čas zaposlene ženske kot moški, razlika pa je še večja med tistimi, ki imajo otroke, v primerjavi s tistimi, ki jih nimajo. Čeprav se stopnja neprostovoljnega dela s krajšim delovnim časom od velike recesije dalje nenehno zmanjšuje, so delavci s krajšim delovnim časom pogosteje pripravljeni delati več ur in zato iščejo še drugo zaposlitev kot delavci, zaposleni s polnim delovnim časom, kar potrjuje prejšnje ugotovitve, da je nekaj „prostovoljnega“ dela s krajšim delovnim časom opravljenega iz nuje.

• Čeprav je bilo ugotovljeno, da pogodbe o zaposlitvi za določen čas načeloma ne vplivajo na blaginjo, je zaznana negotovost zaposlitve povezana z manjšim zadovoljstvom z življenjem, slabšim zdravstvenim stanjem in duševnim zdravjem ter večjo verjetnostjo občutka izključenosti iz družbe. Povezava med socialno izključenostjo in negotovostjo zaposlitve je podobna razmerju med socialno izključenostjo in brezposelnostjo, kar kaže, da grozeča nevarnost brezposelnosti že zadostuje, da se delavci počutijo izključeni iz družbe.

The report contains the following lists of tables and figures.

List of tables

Table 1: Negative feelings and risk of depression, by employment status and contract type
Table A1: Regression analysis output (multinomial logistic regression) – temporary work
Table A2: Regression analysis output (multinomial logistic regression) – part-time work
Table A3: Regression analysis output (multinomial logistic regression) – self-employment
Table A4: Correspondents who contributed to the study

List of figures

Figure 1: Proportion of employees in temporary work in the EU, by duration of contract (%)
Figure 2: Temporary work as a proportion of total employment, by reason, EU27, 2013–2021 (%)
Figure 3: Temporary work as a proportion of total employment, by duration of contract, EU27, 2021 (%)
Figure 4: Probability of engaging in temporary work, by relationship status and age (average marginal effect)
Figure 5: Probability of engaging in temporary work, by education and citizenship (average marginal effect)
Figure 6: Probability of engaging in temporary work, by economic activity (NACE Rev. 2) (average marginal effect)
Figure 7: Part-time work as a proportion of total employment, by reason (%)
Figure 8: Part-time work as a proportion of total employment, by sex, EU27, 2013–2021 (%)
Figure 9: Short-time work as a proportion of total employment, by age, EU27, 2013–2021 (%)
Figure 10: Probability of engaging in part-time work, by age and citizenship (average marginal effect)
Figure 11: Probability of engaging in part-time work, by education, sex and presence of children (average marginal effect)
Figure 12: Probability of engaging in part-time work, by economic activity (Nomenclature of Economic Activities Rev. 2) (average marginal effect)
Figure 13: Self-employment without employees as a proportion of total employment, by occupation (%)
Figure 14: Types of employment as a proportion of total employment, EU27, 2013–2021 (%)
Figure 15: Probability of being self-employed, by year and degree of urbanisation (average marginal effect)
Figure 16: Levels of labour market instability across EU Member States
Figure 17: Perceived job insecurity, by working arrangement (%)
Figure 18: Perceived health, by perceived likelihood of losing one’s job in the next six months (%)
Figure 19: Logistic regression model of average marginal effect of selected factors on perceiving health as ‘bad’ or ‘very bad’
Figure 20: Negative feelings and risk of depression, by perceived likelihood of losing one’s job in the next six months (%)
Figure 21: Linear regression model of determinants of mental well-being (on a scale of 0–10)
Figure 22: Logistic regression model of average marginal effect of selected factors on risk of depression
Figure 23: Life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10), by main activity, 2018
Figure 24: Life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10), by contract type, 2018
Figure 25: Life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10), by perceived likelihood of losing one’s job in the next six months
Figure 26: Life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10), by contract type and employment status
Figure 27: Linear regression model of determinants of life satisfaction (on a scale of 1–10)
Figure 28: Perceived social exclusion, by employment status and perceived likelihood of losing one’s job in the next six months (%)
Figure 29: Logistic regression model of average marginal effect of selected factors on perceived social exclusion
Figure 30: Trust in people (on a scale of 1–10), by main activity, 2018
Figure 31: Trust in people (on a scale of 1–10), by work contract, 2018
Figure 32: Linear regression analysis of determinants of trust in people among those in employment, 2018
Figure 33: Linear regression analysis of determinants of trust in people among those not in employment, 2018
Figure 34: Perception of fairness (on a scale of 0–10), by main activity, 2004–2018
Figure 35: Perception of fairness (on a scale of 0–10), by contract type, 2018
Figure 36: Linear regression analysis of determinants of perception of fairness among those in employment, 2018
Figure 37: Linear regression model of determinants of trust in people, 2022
Figure 38: Satisfaction with the government (on a scale of 0–10), by activity status, 2018
Figure 39: Satisfaction with the government (on a scale of 0–10), by contract type, 2018
Figure 40: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with the government among those outside paid employment, 2018
Figure 41: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with the government among those in employment, 2018
Figure 42: Linear regression model of determinants of trust in the government, 2022
Figure 43: Satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, by activity status, 2018
Figure 44: Satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, by contract type, 2018
Figure 45: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with democracy among those outside employment, 2018
Figure 46: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with democracy among those in employment, 2018
Figure 47: Linear regression model of determinants of satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, 2022
Figure 48: Proportion of people who voted in the last election, by work contract type (%)
Figure 49: Proportion of people who voted in the last election, by activity status, 2018
Figure 50: Proportion of workers who voted in the last election, by contract type, 2018
Figure 51: Logistic regression model of average marginal effect of selected factors on voting in the last election
Figure 52: Proportion of workers who participated in public demonstrations, by activity status (%)
Figure 53: Logistic regression model of the average marginal effect of selected factors on participation in demonstrations
Figure 54: Target groups of policy measures addressing labour market instability (%)

Figure A1: Temporary work, by occupation in the International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (average marginal effect)
Figure A2: Part-time work, by occupation in the International Standard Classification of Occupations 2008 (average marginal effect)

Number of pages: 82

Reference nº: EF23011

ISBN: 978-92-897-2341-1

Catalogue nº: TJ-04-23-771-EN-N

DOI: 10.2806/570695

Permalink: eurofound.link/ef23011

Cite this publication
Eurofound (2023), Societal implications of labour market instability, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

Key findings

List of tables

List of figures

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